On what evidence does he base his statement?

Burger covers trait-based research on the following topics:

achievement motivation

Type A-Type B personality types

Social anxiety

Emotion

Optimism and pessimism

Achievement motivation

Whose theoretical work inspired achievement motivation research?

How is achievement motivation defined?

What test is traditionally used to measure it?

What are the three dimensions assessed on Spence & Helmreich’s self-report measure?

What kinds of traits go along with a high need for achievement?

Can parents, through certain parenting practices, foster a high need for achievement in their children?

Can adults, by paying attention to their attributions about success and failure, affect how they feel about the results of their achievement-related efforts?

What kind of attribution will motivate a person to try again in the face of failure?

Do need for achievement scores predict success?

How might/do gender & culture affect scores on need for achievement tests?

How do they affect the predictive power of achievement motivation scores? How do they affect the importance individuals place on needs for personal achievement?

Type A & Type B Personality dimensions

What motivated Friedman & Roseman (1974) to discover the "Type A" personality?

With what kind of population were they working?

What did they wish to know about this population?

What determined which people would be at risk for heart attack?

Does Burger identify "Type A" and "Type B" as personality types (similar to Sheldon’s personality types) or as personality dimensions (i.e., bipolar ends of a continuum)?

What are the characteristics of Type A?

Some research suggests that Type A’s primarily want control.

What other traits go along with Type A?

Do high Type A people achieve more?

What tends to help them achieve?

What tends to get in their way?

What is the predominant research finding regarding Type A personality and heart attack?

Are there exceptions to the predominant finding?

What is the best explanation for the exceptions?

A.

B.

Social Anxiety

Anxiety specifically related to social interactions (or anticipated social interactions).

Also shyness. When does shyness stop being a temporary, situational behavior & become a trait? Why is shyness not the same as introversion? What likely causes shyness?

Hints: in the characteristics of shy people.

Researchers have investigated why people develop social anxiety. Their best answer thus far is that Evaluation Apprehension underlies it.

Initiating is more anxiety provoking than continuing for many shy people.

Emotions

When is an "emotion" a trait?

What are some of the consistent patterns?

A. the extent to which we experience negative emotions (called                )

B. the strength of the emotions we experience (called                 )

C. how we express our emotions (called              ).

Research has determined that negative emotional affectivity is relatively independent of positive emotional affectivity. Explain this: what does it mean that they are independent of one another?

High positive affect predicts: ?

Relationship may be explained by the fact that positive social contact causes positive affect. Can’t tell from correlational research.

High negative affect predicts:  ?

What is the relationship between high (trait) affect intensity and the emotionally loaded events in one’s life? Does one affect or relate to the other?

Emotional expressiveness refers to: the extent to which a person’s emotional state is reflected in their behavior, facial expression, voice tone, verbalizations.

Emotional expressiveness predicts:   ?

Optimism and Pessimism

Optimism refers to having positive expectations. To be optimistic across a wide variety of situations, is to have the trait of dispositional optimism.

Dispositional optimists:  how do they experience anxiety & stress?